A. Public Understanding Bipolar
Disorder
Bipolar Disorder is a kind of psychological illness, characterized by mood changes (natural feeling) that is a very extreme form of depression and mania. Taking the term bipolar disorder refers to the mood of the sufferer who can change suddenly between two poles (bipolar), the opposite of happiness and extreme sadness.
Every person in general has experienced a good mood (mood highs) and a bad mood (mood lows). However, a person suffering from bipolar disorder have extreme mood swings that is easy to sense the pattern changed drastically. One time, a person with bipolar disorder may feel very enthusiastic and excited (mania). However, when it turned bad mood, he can be very depressed, pessimistic, desperate, even to have a desire to commit suicide (depression). Formerly, this disease called manic-depressive.
This disease has been estimated to affect more than five million people in America. 3-5 persons from each of 100 adults with Bipolar Disorder ascertained. It occurs equally in men and women with the same risk level. In general, affective disorder was found in all cultures and racial groups, but the American races and the most dominant Afrikalah bipolar disorder compared to other races in the world. Bipolar disorder began to appear in adolescence and continues throughout life. Initially, the disease is often not recognized by the sufferer because it is only regarded as ordinary depression. Therefore, early diagnosis is crucial for this disease could be followed up with appropriate and not membahaykan the patient nor those around him.
Bipolar disorder can affect a person's life, such as the ability in many areas, major disruption to the health, social relationships, and a person's lifestyle. Therefore, this disease requires a serious treatment for sufferers to live life normally. B. History of Bipolar Disorder Linking mood and energy level has been part of human life since time immemorial. The word "melancholia" (an old word for depression) and "mania" have been known to mankind since the days of Ancient Greece. According to the Pre-hippocratic humoral theory, the word melancholia is derived from the weld / μελας which means black, and Chloe / χολη, meaning bile or injure. This theory also states that mania occurs because of too much yellow bile, or a combination of yellow and black bile.
On the other hand, doctors Rome, Caelius Aurelianus also proposed etimilogi mania that is Ania who mean the most to produce mental anguish and Manos, which means relaxing, which is expected to mean much to relax the mind or soul (angst and Marneros 2001). The idea of melancholia and mania again be explained by Soranus of Ephesus (98-177 AD) in the 2nd century AD Soranus assert that melancholia and mania are different circumstances with a separate disease. However, at that time, many people thought that melancholia is one form of the disease mania (Mandimore 2005). In addition to Ephesus, the relationship between mania and melancholia is also proposed by Aretaeus of Cappadocia. Aretaeus health is a philosopher who lived in Alexandria about the year 30 to 150 M. He said that the manic-depressive caused by black bile. Aviceenna, a Russian physician and psychological thinker wrote the book The Canon of Medicine in 1025 that identified bipolar disorder as a manic-depressive psychosis (manic-depressive psychosis), as distinguished from one form to another of a madness (junun), such as mania and schizophrenia.
The basis of the concept of manic-depressive who used Baillarger now discovered by Jules on January 31, 1854 to the Academy of Medicine in France that the biphasic mental depression and mania can cause repeated. This is termed as a folie à double forme (dual-form Insanity). Two weeks later, on February 14, 1854, Jean Pierre Falret presented the basis of the disorder (disease) are the same and called folie circulaire (circular Insanity). After that, the concepts developed have been found again by a German psychiatrist, Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926) by using the concept of cyclothymia kahbaum. Emil is the man who coined the term manic depressive psychosis (manic depressive psychosis). He asserted that a patient with bipolar disorder who had experienced an acute period of mania or depression, could eventually lead a normal life kembali.Setelah World War II, John Cade, an Australian psychiatrist investigating the influence of various snyawa on veterans who suffer from bipolar disorder.
In 1949, Cade discovered that lithium carbonate can be used to treat people with bipolar disorder. However, Cade did not directly use it to treat patients because of fears that the salt contained in korbonat Lithium can cause poisoning and even death. In the 1950s, many hospitals in the United States began to conduct experiments on the effect of lithium in patients with this disease. Ten years later, various reports appeared in medical man of letters regarding the effectiveness of lithium. Department of Food and Drug Administration United States does not approve the use of lithium for the treatment to know 1970. The term "manic-depressive reaction" (manic-depressive reaction) first appeared in the American Psychiatric Association in 1952 which was influenced by Adolf Meyer. He explained the paradigm of illness as a reaction from biogenetik factor to psychological factors and social influence. Subclassification of bipolar disorder first presented by a German psychiatrist named Karl Leonhard in 1957. Karl is also the first person to introduce the terms bipolar (for patients who experience mania and depression) and unipolar (for pederita that only experienced episodes of depression). In the 1990s, many countries in the world begun paying attention to the affective disorders, particularly bipolar disorder. C. Causes Bipolar Disorder Based on the National Institute of Mental Health United States (USA Government's National Institute of Mental Health), or NIMH, bipolar disorder not only caused by single factors alone, but of the many factors that together lead to the formation of this disease. Because of the many factors involved, bipolar disorder is also called multifactorial diseases. Actually, the cause of bipolar disorder may vary among individuals with one another. However, many studies showing the contribution of genetic and environmental influences have a major role in this disease.
Genetic factors are common factors causing congenital bipolar disorder. A person born of parents one of whom is a person with bipolar disorder have the same disease risk by 15% -30% and if both parents suffer from bipolar disorder, then the 50% -75%. children at risk of suffering from bipolar disorder. Identical twin of a person with bipolar disorder have the highest risk the possibility of developing this disease than non-identical twins. Research on effects of genetic factors in bipolar disorder ever conducted by engaging families and twins. The results showed that about 10-15% of the families of patients who suffered from bipolar disorder disorder had experienced an episode of mood disorder (Gherson, 1990, in Davison, Neale, & Kring, 2004). § Environmental Factors Bipolar disorder is not only influenced by genes alone, but also driven by environmental factors.
Patients with this disease tend to have a trigger factor disease involving interpersonal relationships or achievement events (reward) in life. Examples of personal relationships, among others, fall in love, broken love, and death of a friend. While the incident objectives include the failure to graduate school and fired from a job. In addition, a patient with bipolar disorder whose symptoms begin to appear during the young period are likely to have a history of childhood experience a lot less fun as anxiety or depression. In addition to the above causes, alcohol, drugs, and other diseases can also trigger the emergence of bipolar disorder on the other hand, the environmental circumstances surrounding the well can support people with this disorder so they can live life normally. § System and Mood Disorders Neurochemistry One of the main factors causing a person with Bipolar Disorder is a disturbance of the main chemical fluid balance (key cemichals) in the brain.
As an organ that functions to deliver stimulation, the brain requires a neurotransmitter (nerve messenger or signal from the brain to other body parts) in carrying out their duties. Norepinephrin, dopamine, and serotonin are several types of neurotransmitters are important in the delivery of nerve impulses. In people with bipolar disorder, chemical liquids in a state that is not balanced. For example, once a person with bipolar disorder with high levels of dopamine in the brain will feel very excited, aggressive, and confident. This condition is called manic phase. In contrast with the trough. This phase occurs when the fluid level of the main chemicals that the brain falls below normal, so people feel discouraged, pessimistic, and even suicide are great. A person suffering from bipolar disorder indicate a disturbance in the motivational system called behavioral activation system (BAS). BAS facilitate the human ability to earn rewards (goals) from their environment.
This is associated with positive emotional states, personality characteristics such as extroversion (open), increased energy, decreased need for sleep. Biologically, BAS believed to be associated with neural pathways in the brain involving dopamine and behavior to obtain rewards. Life events that involve reward or desire to achieve predicted increases episodes of mania but is not associated with episodes of depression. While other positive events not associated with changes in mania episode. § neuroendocrine system in the limbic area of the brain associated with emotion and affect the hypothalamus.
The hypothalamus controls the endocrine glands and hormone levels produced. The hormones produced by the hypothalamus gland also affects pituarity. These glands are associated with depressive disorders such as sleep disturbance and appetite stimulation. Various findings support this, that people with depression have high levels of cortisol (adrenocortical hormone) is high. It is caused by excessive production of hormone release by hypothalamic rotropin (Garbutt, et al., 1994 in Davison, Neale, & Kring, 2004). Excessive production of cortisol in people with depression also led to the increasing number of adrenal glands (Rubun et al., 1995, in Davison, Neale, & Kring, 2004). Number of cortisol is also associated with damage to the hipoccampus and research also has shown that depression in people who do not show hipoccampal normal. Research on Cushing's syndrome is also associated with high levels of cortisol in depressive disorders. D. Episode Bipolar Disorder and General Symptoms A patient with bipolar disorder experience symptoms as follows. § Episode Depression Symptoms of depression stage of bipolar disorder are as follows.
1. Sadness and crying in general.
2. Having trouble sleeping (insomnia) or too much sleep (hypersomnolence).
3. Loss of appetite and weight gain or vice versa.
4. Withdraw from society, loss of sense of self percata.
5. Loss of sense of love of fun things when the patient under normal conditions.
6. Feeling pessimistic, hopeless, no one willing to help, not worthy or valuable. and undesirable.
7. Complications occur in other organs caused by the suggestion that a bad effect on health.
8. Having a slow response when speaking, difficulty concentrating, which is not always clear-minded, and confused.
9. Jobs and disturbed interpersonal relationships
10. Feeling helpless and really think about how to kill himself. Almost all people with bipolar disorder have thoughts about suicide and 30% of them try to realize these intentions in various ways. (1990, in Davison, Neale, & Kring, 2004) § Episode Mania Symptoms of mania phase of bipolar disorder are as follows.
1. Feeling very excited, full of energy, and ready for anything.
2. Behave in an aggressive, intolerant, sometimes boring, quick-tempered, impatient, and reckless behavior.
3. Decrease the need to sleep because it is always active activity.
4. Having a realistic plan, like a vacation and have fun, and increased sexual relations.
5. Increased self-confidence, not afraid of anything.
6. Like speaking quickly and jumping from one subject to another subject.
7. Decisions about business and finance carried out in haste without considering the consequences.
8. Choose clothes and make-up that supports his heart a cheerful atmosphere. 9. Social relationships and work disrupted.
10. Asking family members or others to notice and feel no need of others.
11. Psychotic symptoms of delusion (false belief) and hallucination (seeing or hearing something that is not real).
12. Appears a lot of ideas and the ideas that impressed berlebihandan grandiose. According to Weisberg (1994), mood changes affect the motivation to produce creative work rather than the creative process itself. A patient with bipolar disorder who are at stage of mania tend to be more willing to release the contents of his mind than someone without bipolar disorder. The disease is commonly found in people who are involved in the art world. A number of artists, composers, and writers who have a history of bipolar disorder are known to produce good works.
Historians also believe that Vincent Van Gogh suffered from bipolar disorder. The situation can trigger creativity mania associated with an increase in mood, thoughts came suddenly, and the ability to link the IgE and ideas. § Stage Episode Hipomania hipomania similar to mania. The difference is that patients who are at this stage felt more at ease as if it had returned to normal and did not experience hallucination and delusion. Hipomania difficult to diagnose because it looks like ordinary happiness, but carry the same risk-mania.Gejala hipomania stage symptoms of bipolar disorder are as follows.
1. Excited and full of energy, creativity emerged.
2. Being optimistic, always seem happy, more active, and quick to anger.
3. Decrease need for sleep. Episode Mixed (Mixed state episode) In the context of bipolar disorder, mixed state is a condition in which the stage mania and depression occur together. At a certain moment, the patient may be able to feel the excessive energy, unable to sleep, arise the ideas berlal ply the head, aggressive, and panic (mania). However, a few hours later, the situation changed to the contrary.
Patients feel tired, hopeless, and so negative towards the surrounding environment. It happened bergantin and repeatedly in a relatively quick. Alcohol, drugs, and drugs are often consumed by people antipedresan while flying in this epiode. Mixed state could become the most dangerous episodes of bipolar disorder patients. In this episode, most patients have a desire to commit suicide because of fatigue, despair, delusion, and hallucination. The symptoms are shown if the patient will commit suicide are as follows.
1. Always talking about death and desire for death to those around him.
2. Having personal views about death.
3. Consuming excessive drugs and alcohol.
4. Sometimes forget the debt or bills such as electricity bills, telephone Patients who experience these symptoms or anyone who knows you should immediately call a doctor or a mental health professional, do not leave people alone, and keep objects or equipment at risk may jeopardize the patient or the people around him.
Bipolar Disorder is a kind of psychological illness, characterized by mood changes (natural feeling) that is a very extreme form of depression and mania. Taking the term bipolar disorder refers to the mood of the sufferer who can change suddenly between two poles (bipolar), the opposite of happiness and extreme sadness.
Every person in general has experienced a good mood (mood highs) and a bad mood (mood lows). However, a person suffering from bipolar disorder have extreme mood swings that is easy to sense the pattern changed drastically. One time, a person with bipolar disorder may feel very enthusiastic and excited (mania). However, when it turned bad mood, he can be very depressed, pessimistic, desperate, even to have a desire to commit suicide (depression). Formerly, this disease called manic-depressive.
This disease has been estimated to affect more than five million people in America. 3-5 persons from each of 100 adults with Bipolar Disorder ascertained. It occurs equally in men and women with the same risk level. In general, affective disorder was found in all cultures and racial groups, but the American races and the most dominant Afrikalah bipolar disorder compared to other races in the world. Bipolar disorder began to appear in adolescence and continues throughout life. Initially, the disease is often not recognized by the sufferer because it is only regarded as ordinary depression. Therefore, early diagnosis is crucial for this disease could be followed up with appropriate and not membahaykan the patient nor those around him.
Bipolar disorder can affect a person's life, such as the ability in many areas, major disruption to the health, social relationships, and a person's lifestyle. Therefore, this disease requires a serious treatment for sufferers to live life normally. B. History of Bipolar Disorder Linking mood and energy level has been part of human life since time immemorial. The word "melancholia" (an old word for depression) and "mania" have been known to mankind since the days of Ancient Greece. According to the Pre-hippocratic humoral theory, the word melancholia is derived from the weld / μελας which means black, and Chloe / χολη, meaning bile or injure. This theory also states that mania occurs because of too much yellow bile, or a combination of yellow and black bile.
On the other hand, doctors Rome, Caelius Aurelianus also proposed etimilogi mania that is Ania who mean the most to produce mental anguish and Manos, which means relaxing, which is expected to mean much to relax the mind or soul (angst and Marneros 2001). The idea of melancholia and mania again be explained by Soranus of Ephesus (98-177 AD) in the 2nd century AD Soranus assert that melancholia and mania are different circumstances with a separate disease. However, at that time, many people thought that melancholia is one form of the disease mania (Mandimore 2005). In addition to Ephesus, the relationship between mania and melancholia is also proposed by Aretaeus of Cappadocia. Aretaeus health is a philosopher who lived in Alexandria about the year 30 to 150 M. He said that the manic-depressive caused by black bile. Aviceenna, a Russian physician and psychological thinker wrote the book The Canon of Medicine in 1025 that identified bipolar disorder as a manic-depressive psychosis (manic-depressive psychosis), as distinguished from one form to another of a madness (junun), such as mania and schizophrenia.
The basis of the concept of manic-depressive who used Baillarger now discovered by Jules on January 31, 1854 to the Academy of Medicine in France that the biphasic mental depression and mania can cause repeated. This is termed as a folie à double forme (dual-form Insanity). Two weeks later, on February 14, 1854, Jean Pierre Falret presented the basis of the disorder (disease) are the same and called folie circulaire (circular Insanity). After that, the concepts developed have been found again by a German psychiatrist, Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926) by using the concept of cyclothymia kahbaum. Emil is the man who coined the term manic depressive psychosis (manic depressive psychosis). He asserted that a patient with bipolar disorder who had experienced an acute period of mania or depression, could eventually lead a normal life kembali.Setelah World War II, John Cade, an Australian psychiatrist investigating the influence of various snyawa on veterans who suffer from bipolar disorder.
In 1949, Cade discovered that lithium carbonate can be used to treat people with bipolar disorder. However, Cade did not directly use it to treat patients because of fears that the salt contained in korbonat Lithium can cause poisoning and even death. In the 1950s, many hospitals in the United States began to conduct experiments on the effect of lithium in patients with this disease. Ten years later, various reports appeared in medical man of letters regarding the effectiveness of lithium. Department of Food and Drug Administration United States does not approve the use of lithium for the treatment to know 1970. The term "manic-depressive reaction" (manic-depressive reaction) first appeared in the American Psychiatric Association in 1952 which was influenced by Adolf Meyer. He explained the paradigm of illness as a reaction from biogenetik factor to psychological factors and social influence. Subclassification of bipolar disorder first presented by a German psychiatrist named Karl Leonhard in 1957. Karl is also the first person to introduce the terms bipolar (for patients who experience mania and depression) and unipolar (for pederita that only experienced episodes of depression). In the 1990s, many countries in the world begun paying attention to the affective disorders, particularly bipolar disorder. C. Causes Bipolar Disorder Based on the National Institute of Mental Health United States (USA Government's National Institute of Mental Health), or NIMH, bipolar disorder not only caused by single factors alone, but of the many factors that together lead to the formation of this disease. Because of the many factors involved, bipolar disorder is also called multifactorial diseases. Actually, the cause of bipolar disorder may vary among individuals with one another. However, many studies showing the contribution of genetic and environmental influences have a major role in this disease.
Genetic factors are common factors causing congenital bipolar disorder. A person born of parents one of whom is a person with bipolar disorder have the same disease risk by 15% -30% and if both parents suffer from bipolar disorder, then the 50% -75%. children at risk of suffering from bipolar disorder. Identical twin of a person with bipolar disorder have the highest risk the possibility of developing this disease than non-identical twins. Research on effects of genetic factors in bipolar disorder ever conducted by engaging families and twins. The results showed that about 10-15% of the families of patients who suffered from bipolar disorder disorder had experienced an episode of mood disorder (Gherson, 1990, in Davison, Neale, & Kring, 2004). § Environmental Factors Bipolar disorder is not only influenced by genes alone, but also driven by environmental factors.
Patients with this disease tend to have a trigger factor disease involving interpersonal relationships or achievement events (reward) in life. Examples of personal relationships, among others, fall in love, broken love, and death of a friend. While the incident objectives include the failure to graduate school and fired from a job. In addition, a patient with bipolar disorder whose symptoms begin to appear during the young period are likely to have a history of childhood experience a lot less fun as anxiety or depression. In addition to the above causes, alcohol, drugs, and other diseases can also trigger the emergence of bipolar disorder on the other hand, the environmental circumstances surrounding the well can support people with this disorder so they can live life normally. § System and Mood Disorders Neurochemistry One of the main factors causing a person with Bipolar Disorder is a disturbance of the main chemical fluid balance (key cemichals) in the brain.
As an organ that functions to deliver stimulation, the brain requires a neurotransmitter (nerve messenger or signal from the brain to other body parts) in carrying out their duties. Norepinephrin, dopamine, and serotonin are several types of neurotransmitters are important in the delivery of nerve impulses. In people with bipolar disorder, chemical liquids in a state that is not balanced. For example, once a person with bipolar disorder with high levels of dopamine in the brain will feel very excited, aggressive, and confident. This condition is called manic phase. In contrast with the trough. This phase occurs when the fluid level of the main chemicals that the brain falls below normal, so people feel discouraged, pessimistic, and even suicide are great. A person suffering from bipolar disorder indicate a disturbance in the motivational system called behavioral activation system (BAS). BAS facilitate the human ability to earn rewards (goals) from their environment.
This is associated with positive emotional states, personality characteristics such as extroversion (open), increased energy, decreased need for sleep. Biologically, BAS believed to be associated with neural pathways in the brain involving dopamine and behavior to obtain rewards. Life events that involve reward or desire to achieve predicted increases episodes of mania but is not associated with episodes of depression. While other positive events not associated with changes in mania episode. § neuroendocrine system in the limbic area of the brain associated with emotion and affect the hypothalamus.
The hypothalamus controls the endocrine glands and hormone levels produced. The hormones produced by the hypothalamus gland also affects pituarity. These glands are associated with depressive disorders such as sleep disturbance and appetite stimulation. Various findings support this, that people with depression have high levels of cortisol (adrenocortical hormone) is high. It is caused by excessive production of hormone release by hypothalamic rotropin (Garbutt, et al., 1994 in Davison, Neale, & Kring, 2004). Excessive production of cortisol in people with depression also led to the increasing number of adrenal glands (Rubun et al., 1995, in Davison, Neale, & Kring, 2004). Number of cortisol is also associated with damage to the hipoccampus and research also has shown that depression in people who do not show hipoccampal normal. Research on Cushing's syndrome is also associated with high levels of cortisol in depressive disorders. D. Episode Bipolar Disorder and General Symptoms A patient with bipolar disorder experience symptoms as follows. § Episode Depression Symptoms of depression stage of bipolar disorder are as follows.
1. Sadness and crying in general.
2. Having trouble sleeping (insomnia) or too much sleep (hypersomnolence).
3. Loss of appetite and weight gain or vice versa.
4. Withdraw from society, loss of sense of self percata.
5. Loss of sense of love of fun things when the patient under normal conditions.
6. Feeling pessimistic, hopeless, no one willing to help, not worthy or valuable. and undesirable.
7. Complications occur in other organs caused by the suggestion that a bad effect on health.
8. Having a slow response when speaking, difficulty concentrating, which is not always clear-minded, and confused.
9. Jobs and disturbed interpersonal relationships
10. Feeling helpless and really think about how to kill himself. Almost all people with bipolar disorder have thoughts about suicide and 30% of them try to realize these intentions in various ways. (1990, in Davison, Neale, & Kring, 2004) § Episode Mania Symptoms of mania phase of bipolar disorder are as follows.
1. Feeling very excited, full of energy, and ready for anything.
2. Behave in an aggressive, intolerant, sometimes boring, quick-tempered, impatient, and reckless behavior.
3. Decrease the need to sleep because it is always active activity.
4. Having a realistic plan, like a vacation and have fun, and increased sexual relations.
5. Increased self-confidence, not afraid of anything.
6. Like speaking quickly and jumping from one subject to another subject.
7. Decisions about business and finance carried out in haste without considering the consequences.
8. Choose clothes and make-up that supports his heart a cheerful atmosphere. 9. Social relationships and work disrupted.
10. Asking family members or others to notice and feel no need of others.
11. Psychotic symptoms of delusion (false belief) and hallucination (seeing or hearing something that is not real).
12. Appears a lot of ideas and the ideas that impressed berlebihandan grandiose. According to Weisberg (1994), mood changes affect the motivation to produce creative work rather than the creative process itself. A patient with bipolar disorder who are at stage of mania tend to be more willing to release the contents of his mind than someone without bipolar disorder. The disease is commonly found in people who are involved in the art world. A number of artists, composers, and writers who have a history of bipolar disorder are known to produce good works.
Historians also believe that Vincent Van Gogh suffered from bipolar disorder. The situation can trigger creativity mania associated with an increase in mood, thoughts came suddenly, and the ability to link the IgE and ideas. § Stage Episode Hipomania hipomania similar to mania. The difference is that patients who are at this stage felt more at ease as if it had returned to normal and did not experience hallucination and delusion. Hipomania difficult to diagnose because it looks like ordinary happiness, but carry the same risk-mania.Gejala hipomania stage symptoms of bipolar disorder are as follows.
1. Excited and full of energy, creativity emerged.
2. Being optimistic, always seem happy, more active, and quick to anger.
3. Decrease need for sleep. Episode Mixed (Mixed state episode) In the context of bipolar disorder, mixed state is a condition in which the stage mania and depression occur together. At a certain moment, the patient may be able to feel the excessive energy, unable to sleep, arise the ideas berlal ply the head, aggressive, and panic (mania). However, a few hours later, the situation changed to the contrary.
Patients feel tired, hopeless, and so negative towards the surrounding environment. It happened bergantin and repeatedly in a relatively quick. Alcohol, drugs, and drugs are often consumed by people antipedresan while flying in this epiode. Mixed state could become the most dangerous episodes of bipolar disorder patients. In this episode, most patients have a desire to commit suicide because of fatigue, despair, delusion, and hallucination. The symptoms are shown if the patient will commit suicide are as follows.
1. Always talking about death and desire for death to those around him.
2. Having personal views about death.
3. Consuming excessive drugs and alcohol.
4. Sometimes forget the debt or bills such as electricity bills, telephone Patients who experience these symptoms or anyone who knows you should immediately call a doctor or a mental health professional, do not leave people alone, and keep objects or equipment at risk may jeopardize the patient or the people around him.
